Research Into Obedience Essay - 661 Words

Research Into Obedience There has been two main studies into obedience the first of these in 1963 by Milgram who advertised in the local paper for men of various ages and from all walks of life. He told the volunteers that they would take part in a test of memory and learning and would get paid $4.50 for the hour they were in the experiment. When they arrived at Yale University they were introduced to two people one of which was ‘Jack Williams’ who was wearing a grey laboratory coat and was to be the experimenter, the other person was a mild man in his fifties called Mr Wallace who was meant to be another volunteer but in fact were both actors. Then the volunteer was lead into a room where Mr†¦show more content†¦In an ethically correct experiment you should be protected from physical and psychological harm, although they were protected from physical harm as there was no chance of them being the learner, they were not protected from psychological harm because although they know th at it was staged they might leave the experiment knowing that they obeyed someone to the extent that they could have killed someone, this factor could have played on their minds and caused them long term mental illness. One good factor in this experiment is that they were debriefed so at least they could put events straight in their mind and not feel guilty about what happened to ‘Mr Wallace’. We Can also criticise this experiment for lacking experimental validity because did the participants really believe they were shocking Mr Wallace, the situation can also be described as false or artificial so the participants may have played along with the experiment to earn their $4.50, Although a questionnaire sent out later confirmed that over 80% of the volunteers believed on balance they believed what they were doing was real. Also ecological validity can be questioned because this event cannot be generalised into everyday situations it can be seen as unrealistic.Show MoreRelatedMilgrams Research on Obedience811 Words   |  4 PagesMilgrams research on obedience: how and why it can help student nurses The report aims to: Describe the main aspects of Milgrams study on Obedience Explain why and how this research can be used to help prepare student nurses for working on hospital wards Contribute to the understanding of some of the challenges nurses may face in their working practices Background Stanley Milgram, a psychologist from Yale University, conducted a series of experiments on obedience to explain some of theRead MoreMilgram s Research On Obedience Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did Milgram decide to study this topic? What was the motivating factor/event that inspired Milgram to research obedience? †¢ The main reason that Milgram decided to study the topic of obedience was to better understand the extreme inhumane conditions that Jews faced during the holocaust at the hands of German soldiers. Over the 12 year period between the early 1930’s through the mid 1940’s millions of Jews died in death camps run by Germans. Since Milgram himself was of Jewish descent, MilgramRead MoreStanley Milgram s Research On Obedience863 Words   |  4 PagesStanley Milgram s groundbreaking studies on obedience certainly shocked the world with their electrifying results. The experiment that Milgram conducted included ordinary people delivering â€Å"shocks† to an unknown subject, which caused much controversy to occur and raised many questions in the psychological world. Diana Baumrind, a psychologist at the University of California and one of Milgram’s colleagues, attacks Milgram’s ethics in her review. She decides that Milgram s tests are unethical toward sRead MoreDescribe And Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience1246 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe evaluate psychological research into obedience Obedience is a compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority (Oxforddictionaries, n.d). Stanley Milgram was an American social psychologist, known for his experiment on obedience. This was taken place in the 1960’s while he was completing his professorship at Yale University (wikipedia.org, 2015). Milgram’s (1963) study of obedience was a laboratory study to investigate how far people will go in obeyingRead MoreDescribe and Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience1758 Words   |  8 PagesObedience results from pressure to comply with authority. Children are taught to obey from an early age by their care givers, in order for them to conform in society. The authoritarian rule continues through their education and working life, and is then passed on to the next generation. This essay will focus on the work of the American psychologist Stanley Milgram. It will also look at other studies into obedience that evolved from Milgram’s experiments from the early 1960s. Stanley Milgram isRead MoreDrawing on Milgrams Classic Laboratory Research on Obedience935 Words   |  4 PagesTitle: Drawing on Milgrams classic laboratory research on obedience Examine and Asses the relevance of laboratory based research to real life. Please consider the suggestion below. 1)- How do laboratory settings differ from everyday situations, and how does this shape the extent to which we can generalise from evidence gathered in such settings to everyday situations? 2)What are the advantages and disadvantages of laboratory based research? 3)Applicability of Milgram s work to real life situationsRead MoreA Brief Summary of Milgrams Seminal Research on Obedience to Authority1016 Words   |  5 Pagesintentional mistreatment of others (Berkowitz, 1999). Because of the fields situationistic perspective emphasizing the individuals susceptibility to the power of the immediate situation, social psychologists generally view the fairly high levels of obedience to authority displayed in Milgrams classic experiment as the paradigmatic example of evil behavior (Berkowitz, 1999). Reading about the work of Ross and Nisbett, 1991 (as cited in Berkowitz, 1999, p. 247) stated that â€Å"social psychologists, byRead MoreA Consideration of the Ends Justifying the Means o f Milgram’s Research Into Obedience2659 Words   |  11 PagesA Consideration of the Ends Justifying the Means of Milgram’s Research Into Obedience Stanley Milgram carried out a series of studies in 1963 and 1973 related to obedience to authority. These studies have been viewed as controversial ever since, mainly because of the ethical issues they raise. Although he was able to obtain conclusive results and discover that under certain situational influences anybody might obey orders that went against their conscience; the way inRead MoreThe Causes Of Obedience From Research By Milgram ( 1974 ) And His Contemporaries1360 Words   |  6 PagesDescribe and explain what we can learn about the causes of Obedience from research by Milgram (1974) and his Contemporaries. Stanley Milgram was a Psychologist at Yale. Obedience is an essential part in the format of humanity, and it’s destructiveness has been investigated throughout time. Stanley Milgram organized a research to test the destructiveness of obedience however, Milgram wanted to investigate why ordinary people are keen to obey an authority figure and commit evil deeds even when itRead MoreAnalysis Of Stanley Milgram s Perils Of Obedience Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pagesmanipulated the minds of masses for their own personal and political agenda. Still, many questions still remain prevalent as to how an individual reaches his or her decision on obedience in a distressing environment. Inspired by Nazi trials, Stanley Milgram, an American psychologist, questions the social norm in â€Å"Perils of Obedience† (1964), where he conducted a study to test how far the average American was willing to for under the pressures of an authority figure. Milgram s study showed that under the

The Pink Cow Free Essays

On the beautiful sunny beach day of March 12, 2008, I visited the Florida Gulf Coast University’s art complex. The first thing I noticed upon entering the art complex was a pink cow. This pink cow consumed my total attention. We will write a custom essay sample on The Pink Cow or any similar topic only for you Order Now I hardly noticed anything else. I was so fascinated and taken away by this pink cow that, as I studied this extraordinary painting, it became clear serious precise art techniques were carefully used to design this creation taking attention off everything else in the gallery. It’s a Pink Cow painted by expert artist, Andy Warhol, uses professional levels of sophisticated art coloring and design elements communicating fun, happy environments to the subconscious minds of youthful crowds occupying the buildings wherever his art work hangs. The only reason art sells is because it inspires emotions, controlling mind manipulation atmospheres from fun to conservative. It’s a Pink Cow painting’s strongest identity is color and subject content. This wall paper image created by famous pop artist Andy Warhol made excellent use of shocking contrasting coloring and design in It’s a Pink Cow. It’s a Pink Cow’s shocking hot pink everyday farm animal peaking through a barn door with a light green background which is lit up by the bright yellow sun invokes feelings of pleasure, comical, social interactions. Color invokes moods. â€Å"We learn from color specialists that rooms painted in different colors tend to cause different reactions. Certain blues are cool, certain greens are relaxing, certain reds are warm and comforting. â€Å"(Blair 43) Observing It’s a Pink Cow, and applying our knowledge about art techniques, it is clearly obvious the artist shows creative potential of colors capacity. Normally green is known as evoking feelings of calmness, quietness, seriousness. However, it is totally unlikely this painting containing a sensible green filling in the background to be observed in a church, senior citizens ballroom or a political business meeting room. In some of these different paintings, the background is yellow. In this particular artwork shown in the museum, the background overlooking the picture is grass green. Reflections of bright yellow sunlight shinning on the green grass gives the neutral nondistracting color pizzazz. Adding sunlight to the earth toned green shades is equivalent to adding Hip-Hop music to church choir music. When artists are working at designing original pieces in a highly competitive market full of talented people, it is not enough to design something that it’s only contribution is being pretty. That is why creative arts are popular for breaking traditions. Warhol’s theme in this painting was showing the unique possibilities by applying extraordinary colors to ordinary objects. In this painting, it is not only a pink cow looking at everyone looking at the painting. By coloring a traditionally black or brown object, such as a cow in any bright shade, it is now the bright tint looking at the viewer. A person looking at the painting mood’s are altered on a level they do not realize. A hot fluorescent pink cow’s head looking out the barn holds the person attention, making them look twice at his artwork. The innocent visitor to the art museum first wonders about themselves upon looking at the pink cow. For reassurance, they stand silently to see if their friend accompanying them says anything first. Their friend is doing the same thing. Then the worker at the art gallery passes by, comments on the pink cow and the art museum visitor is now relaxed. The artist’s main objective is to influence or alter people’s moods, and that is what this painting did. Artists selectively chooses the use coloring, lines, forms, shapes etc†¦innovatively to target their selected audience. A green grass providing the background for trees in a landscape would not have the same effect. Andy wanted to sell to the younger generations. Here he is using vivid colors to capture the fun minded light hearted generation. The subject content works in conjunction with coloring creating a surprising and unexpected product making an artists statement that can only be accurately interpreted by the artist. The colors and the subject matter conflict greatly. Bright vivid colors and a pink cow is a symbology of fun. Of all the animals to choose from, why did he choose a cow? A cow is not really a symbology of fun. Looking at paintings such as these peaks curiosity, it draws attention inviting the viewer to investigate more into the artwork. It is necessary to have an idea of history, including the artists personality and style is necessary to make sense of the painting. It’s a Pink Cow appears like it may be a totally improvised, but the sources say differently. â€Å"Once he’s chosen something from the chaos of everyday reality to preserve in his art — particularly in his paintings and sculpture — Warhol works extremely hard â€Å"at getting the image absolutely right,† says Leo Castelli. â€Å"He doesn’t simply arrive at an image easily and then repeat it senselessly — as many think. That cow wallpaper took him over a year to define. â€Å"(Pratt 53) The only reason art sells is because it inspires emotions, controlling mind manipulation atmospheres from fun to conservative. It’s a Pink Cow was created to provoke laughter, or comical atmospheres. Of all the paintings in the art gallery, this painting stood out. Hanging this painting in the room of a child or young person’s apartment is great for developing and stimulating imaginations. This is especially true if someone was to elaborate on it this art piece, and make the cow sing, dance or tell jokes. How to cite The Pink Cow, Papers

The Impact of Black Codes, Jim Crow, and Segregation on African Americans in the United States

Introduction Among the most significant icons in the US history was the slavery incident that loomed before and to some extent after the civil war. Slavery had various social, economic cultural and political implications for both the African Americans and the Whites after the civil war and in as much as it was officially abolished by the Lincoln administration, the African Americans still suffered the same if not worse unjust treatment in the hands of the whites as before when the trade was legal.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Black Codes, Jim Crow, and Segregation on African Americans in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper shall therefore set out to discuss slavery in American after the civil war. The social, political, economic, and cultural effect that this institute had on African Americans shall be discussed so as to further provide more understanding to this dark se ction in our country’s history. After the civil war, the united state government undertook a nearly impossible task in a bid to abolish slavery. To facilitate this, they incorporated various amendments into the constitution to further assist in accomplishing this objective. The first notion steered towards this directive was the thirteenth amendment which was enacted on December 18th 1865 under the proclamation of the then secretary of state. It stated that, â€Å"Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, nor any place subject to their jurisdiction[1].† This amendment aimed at abolishing slavery and involuntary servitude of the Blacks. It was the first of the reconstruction acts enacted post the civil war. However, little to no change was experienced by the Black Americans as they were still being treated as slaves. As such, this amendment was soon after improved by the 14th amendment which stated that, â€Å"All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws[2].† This amendment gave the African Americans citizenship and a right to own property but little constitution rights. It was later abridged by the 15th amendment which stated that; â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.[3]† this amendment gave the African American males right to vote in the general ele ctions during the reconstruction era post civil war.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Despite these changes, no visible change was experienced by the African Americans as compared to the time before the civil war when slavery was still a legal practice. The political Impact of Black Codes, Jim Crow, and Segregation on African Americans in the United States The term â€Å"reconstruction era† refers to the period between 1865 and 1877 after the great American civil war. It is the time in the US history whereby the governments of the various states put in motion efforts in a bid to solve the social, economic and political problems that came about due to the establishment of the 11 confederate states union that had disintegrated before or during the war. This was a very important period in the history of the African Americans as it presented them with an opportunity to transi t from bondage to freedmen all the while experiencing for the first time complete integration into the American society as citizens. Kennedo states that; â€Å"It was the period where blacks were first completely freed from slavery and tasted the fruits of citizenship for a while. During Reconstruction, blacks were granted civil rights, the right to sue and sit on juries, the right to vote and hold office, the right to own property, and all of the other benefits that all other citizens in America had. There was even a black Governor of Louisiana[4].† The decision to abolish slavery after the wart was crucial to the US if it intended to maintain and rebuild the confederate union. Most of the southern states did not agree with the idea of granting the African Americans freedom. As a result, the Black Codes were established in 1866 with a clear purpose of limiting the rights given to the freed African Americans. Within these codes were strict regulations prohibiting â€Å"Negro s† and freedmen from visiting the towns without permission from their masters, owning property within the city limits, preaching or holding meetings without permission from the mayor and sitting or contributing in meetings attended by white people[5]. This southern reaction is believed to have emanated from the emancipation proclamation passed in congress. These codes made the lives of the Blacks even harder than it was during slavery because they were now being targeted by the laws that had sworn to protect them.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of Black Codes, Jim Crow, and Segregation on African Americans in the United States specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The civil right bill did not suffice in protecting the African Americans from the racial injustices and inequalities. In a bid to justify these racial tendencies, governments in the US enacted the Jim Crow laws between 1876 and 1965. These were state and local laws in the US that supported racial segregation in public places such as public schools, transportation, restaurants and entertainment venues as well as restrooms for Whites and Blacks[6]. These laws by default resulted in inferior treatment of the Blacks in terms of accommodations, resource allocation, quality of products and services and even prices. Consequently the Black community in the States experienced a number of economic and social disadvantages due to the enactment of these laws in comparison to the Whites. Despite all these hardships, the African Americans still increased in numbers and managed to survive under these conditions. To counter this, the segregation worsened to a point where the Blacks were not allowed in some premises owned by whites, localities (residential estates occupied by whites), or even churches. This means that the Blacks lived in different areas away from the White communities and had their own religious and economic systems different from that of the Whites. In 1896, the Supreme Court decided that the Louisiana law supporting racial segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal was constitutional. This ruling was brought about in the Plessy v. Ferguson case. According to the Jim Crow laws, transportation of the Blacks was also segregated and as such, they had their own railway cars different from the ones used by the whites. However, several people in the Black community disagreed with the â€Å"act 111† which supported this segregation. In a bid to over turn it, they planned a way through which they would have a chance to air their petitions in the Supreme Court and consequently, have this act removed. They used Plessy who was light skinned to buy a ticket for a white’s only train car. Plessy being a 1/8th black American citizen was arrested in 1892 for boarding a car designated for the whites. Under the Louisiana laws, he was considered as a black person and as such was arrested for civil disobedience. The case managed to get to the Supreme Court and after the proceedings, Ferguson won the case. In 1879, Plessy pleaded guilty to the crime. This case sealed the foundation of the segregation laws and was used to further justify the segregation of color practiced thereafter[7]. In fact, it clarified the fact that segregation was legal as long as the facilities provided to both races were of the same quality.Advertising Looking for essay on african american? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The southern States however did not provide the Blacks with quality facilities or even equal resources. This case actually justified the separation of race and inequalities in the States up to 1954 when it was overturned by the ruling made by the Supreme Court as pertaining to the â€Å"Brown v. Board of Education† case. In addition to this, the congress passed the freedman act post civil war in March 1865. This act was established in order to punish the confederates who refused to surrender 60 days after the civil war[8]. The act stipulated that the slaves of such people would be freed. The congress therefore established this bureau to help the refugees and slaves left destitute due to the civil war. The main aim of this bureau was to assist these people settle, acquire land and to protect them from their former masters during their transition to freedom. Additionally, this bureau helped in developing schools, hospitals and other social amenities for the slaves and the citiz ens who had participated in the war but were displaced or otherwise left penniless by the whole ordeal. However, the Jim Crow laws to a large extent prohibited the effectiveness of this act through the limitations pertaining to land ownership and segregations. The social Impact Most laws that were enacted to advocate for racial equality post civil war had adverse negative effects on the social lives of the blacks in the United States after the civil war. They all seemed to fuel racism among the people. Collectively, these laws were designed to oppress the blacks and restrict their rights. As such, there were wide spread inequalities based on color (race). Generally, there was no equality especially since the facilities offered to the whites were far more superior as compared to those afforded to the Blacks. Also the fact that the Blacks went to different schools, restaurants, restrooms and even used different transport systems clearly showed increased racism in the United States. Th e second class status was also prevalent to the African Americans after the civil war. This was mainly brought about by the fact that the Whites believed that they were a more superior race than the Black Americans and even though they (blacks) were citizens and entitled to the same rights, they were lower than the whites in terms of intellect and social status. As such, the Blacks could not work in certain positions reserved for the whites, they drunk from different water fountains, stayed in poor environments and houses as compared to the whites and also were not allowed to contribute in any discussions chaired by the white people. In addition to this, some faction groups and organizations were formed in order to terrorize and oppress the Blacks. One such group was the Ku Klux Klan which was established in 1866 in Tennessee with a set goal to ensure that the Blacks who had won the right to vote in the 1867 elections did not exercise this right. It was a violent and racist group co mposed of White Anglo-Saxon Protestants (WASP) who envisioned on a white protestant south[9]. Their main intent was to spread fear among the blacks who lived in the south and they did this by raping, castrating murdering and burning of the churches and houses of the poor black people. The members claimed to undo what the civil war and the voting commissions had done to the US. In 1915, the organization diverted its wrath to the immigrants and Catholic Church who they claimed were anti US activists by supporting the Blacks. The presence of such violent groups instilled fear into the African Americans to an Extent whereby they were afraid of walking the streets, going to church or even interacting with each other factors which greatly impaired their social lives. The rise of such factions brought about various human injustices like lynching of the Blacks, brutalities some leading to death and various forms of intimidation. In particular, lynching involved mob justice where one person would be beaten to a pulp by a crowd of people as a form of punishment. These acts of lawlessness were further fueled by the fact that even the law enforcement agencies were not fond of the Black communities. Many cases were reported where crosses were burnt in the Black communities by members of the KKK as an intimidation technique used to scare the Blacks from voting or interacting with the whites. In addition to this, the whites used signs and symbols to separate the places that these races were allowed to visit. Consequently, this led to regional segregation whereby markets and entertainment venues as well as residential areas for the blacks were isolated far from those of the whites. In some states, the use of signs was supported by the laws to further dictate and enforce the segregation laws. The economic Impact After the civil war, most of the blacks demanded for repatriations for the slavery. However these pleas fell into deaf ears and as such, poverty loomed among the Black community. This situation was worsened by the establishment of the Black code laws which prohibited the Blacks from property ownership including land and housing[10]. In addition to this, Blacks under these laws were not allowed to work in certain positions and were left with very few options such as working in the white farms and other odd jobs which attracted very low salaries and wages. On the same note, their businesses could not thrive due to the fact that the whites could not buy from the blacks or even supply them with the products to sell. All these factors led to an increase in poverty amongst the Black community. Since the Blacks could not own land, they had no choice but to rent out pieces of land from the whites a fact that led to the rise of sharecropping. This system seemed to thrive since most white farmers had large chunks of land and little money to pay laborers especially after the war. Consequently, they struck a bargain with the black laborers entailing that the y attend to the land for a small fee, shelter and basic provisions a factor that seemed to cater for the immediate needs of both races under the prevailing circumstances. To further ensure that the Blacks were occupied at all times, the governments and local states put in place vagrancy laws. These were among the black code laws and dictated that all unemployed or wandering Blacks be arrested. These laws were specifically designed to arrest the Blacks since the penalty fees were too high and most of them could not foot the bill. As a result, they could be sent to county labor or be hired as workers for private people. As such, the laws ensured that there was enough labor to go around for the white farmers. The cultural Impact of Black Codes, Jim Crow, and Segregation on African Americans in the United States As mentioned earlier, these laws seemed to advocate for racism and segregation against the blacks. As a result, they affected the cultural bearing of the African Americans in al l aspects. For example, the racism and segregation led to the establishment of â€Å"black churches†. Since the Blacks were not allowed to attend white churches, they had to establish their own religious foundations. These protestant churches focused on developing hope for the blacks who experienced hardships and oppression for the whites[11]. Eventually, as the churches grew larger, they offered education to their members in a bid to improve their status and chances of bettering their lives. The music developed by the Blacks during this era was mainly of blues and jazz nature. These were somber songs sang to provide hope to the Blacks through the hardships that they faced. In addition to this, the rhythms were thought to have originated from the African continent and were perfected in the states. The Blacks were known to sing as they worked in the fields. These songs were later modified and improved over the years to form the now known Blues and jazz. As per the sports, the African Americans were still segregated and discriminated upon. However, there were some exceptions such as Moses Fleetwood who was known as the first Black player to play the baseball major leagues with the whites despite his race, or other athletes who showed exceptional talent in the sporting arenas. In addition to this, the Blacks also developed their own Negro league which they used to facilitate communication and interactions amongst themselves since visiting each other was risky under the vagrancy laws. The food common to the African Americans was called soul food. The term originated from the fact that the term â€Å"soul† referred to the Black culture for example soul music or soul train. The origin of the food traces its roots back to the African continent and was introduced to America through the transatlantic slave trade in the late 1870s. The cuisine included meals made of sorghum, rice, cassavas and turnips. As such, these meals became the dietary staples common to the enslaved Africans. During the Jim Crow era, education to the African Americans was viewed as a source of inspiration to fight for change against the oppression that prevailed for a very long time. In as much as the Blacks faced various challenges in accessing educational facilities, the church played a pivotal role in providing access to such amenities. The Blacks were realized to be high academic achievers due to their motivation and persistence in a bid to get a better life and to fight for a better future for the generations to come. Due to the oppressive state that the blacks were experiencing in the states, most of them opted to find ways to migrate back to their mother land. The whites on the other hand oppressed and harassed the Black folks with an aim of pushing them back to Africa. As such, the Blacks believed that the whites were superior to them and figured that there would be more chances and opportunities for them back in Africa. Consequently, this led to an inc rease in migration of the Blacks to other countries such as Liberia where they felt less intimidated by the whites and at the same time got a feeling of belonging after the hard and struggle full life[12]. On the same note, most of these African Americans migrated from the south to escape the heightened discrimination and danger that prevailed in those areas. They moved to the north hoping to get better lives especially due to the fact that industrialization in the north was on the emerging stages and required lots of laborers. Conclusion Slavery and segregation tormented the lives of the African Americans at the wake of the 19th century. Soon after the end of the civil war, slavery was abolished by law but was still practiced by most whites and felt by the black community who instead of enjoying their hard earned freedom lived in fear and anxiety all the while facing racism, social discrimination, injustices and violent crimes which were directed to them by the same people who had sworn through the constitution to protect them and value their lives and humanity as equals. However, the African Americans surprised the whole world by persisting through it all until such a time that they would realize true freedom and equality among the various races. Bibliography Lomotey, K. Encyclopedia of African American Education. SAGE, 2009 Mink, G and O’Connor, A. Poverty in the United States: an encyclopedia of history, politics, and policy, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2004 Pinn, A, B. African American Religious Cultures. ABC-CLIO, 2009 Shulman, S. The impact of immigration on African Americans. Transaction Publishers, 2004 Appiah, K, A and Gates, H, L. Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African-American Experience 5-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, 2005 United States senate. Thirteenth Amendment-Slavery and Involuntary Servitude. http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/html/amdt13.html The charters of freedom. AMENDMENT XIV. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/ charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html U.S. Constitution Online. Amendment 15 – Race No Bar to Vote. http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am15.html Kennedo, D. Reconstruction and its Effects on African Americans. http://www.york.cuny.edu/yorkscholar/v4/kennedo1.html Page Smith. Trial by fire: a people’s history of the Civil War and Reconstruction. Penguin Books, 1990 Footnotes United States senate. Thirteenth Amendment–Slavery and Involuntary Servitude. http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/html/amdt13.html The charters of freedom. AMENDMENT XIV. http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/constitution_amendments_11-27.html U.S. Constitution Online. Amendment 15 – Race No Bar to Vote. http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am15.html Kennedo, D. Reconstruction and its Effects on African Americans. http://www.york.cuny.edu/yorkscholar/v4/kennedo1.html Page Smith. Trial by fire: a people’s history of the Civil War and Reconstruction. (Penguin Boo ks, 1990), 49. Kofi Lomotey. Encyclopedia of African American Education. (SAGE, 2009), 27. Kofi Lomotey. Encyclopedia of African American Education. (SAGE, 2009), 89. Gwendolyn Mink and Alice O’Connor. Poverty in the United States: an encyclopedia of history, politics, and policy, Volume 1. (ABC-CLIO, 2004). 42 History learning. The KKK and racial problems. http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/kkk_and_racial_problems.htm Gwendolyn Mink and Alice O’Connor. Poverty in the United States: an encyclopedia of history, politics, and policy, Volume 1. (ABC-CLIO, 2004). 70 Anthony B. Pinn. African American Religious Cultures. (ABC-CLIO, 2009). 45 Steven Shulman. The impact of immigration on African Americans. (Transaction Publishers, 2004), 127 This essay on The Impact of Black Codes, Jim Crow, and Segregation on African Americans in the United States was written and submitted by user Leyla Ward to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Learn How to Make Green Fire

Learn How to Make Green Fire Its easy to make brilliant green fire. This cool chemistry project requires only two household chemicals. Green Fire Materials Boric acid:  You can find medical-grade boric acid in the pharmacy sections of some stores for use as a disinfectant. It is a white powder. Its not the same chemical as borax. You might try  Enoz Roach Away, which is 99 percent boric acid and is sold with household insecticides.Heet Gas-Line Antifreeze and Water Remover:  Heet is sold with automotive chemicals or through many online retailers.A metal or stoneware containerA lighter Instructions for Making Green Fire Pour some Heet into the container. How much you use will determine how long your fire will burn; 1/2 cup of Heet will provide about 10 minutes of fire.Sprinkle some boric acid- about 1 to 2 teaspoons- into the liquid and swirl it around to mix it up. It wont all dissolve, so dont worry if some powder remains at the bottom of the container.Set the container on a heat-safe surface and ignite it with a lighter.   Tips and Warnings Boric acid is a relatively safe household chemical. You can rinse the residue remaining in the container down the drain.This is an outdoor project. There isnt a lot of smoke produced, nor is it particularly toxic, but the heat is intense. It will set off your smoke alarm.Set your container on a heat-safe surface. Do not set it on a glass patio table, and dont use any container that might shatter. Use metal or possibly stoneware, not glass, wood, or plastic.Heet is primarily methanol (methyl alcohol). Try this project with other types of alcohol, such as ethanol, vodka, Everclear grain alcohol, or isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol). You might also try other common household metal salts for different flame colors. For example, try substituting rubbing alcohol for the Heet. The result will likely be a fire that alternates from orange to blue to green. It may not be as spectacular as the Heet fire, but it will still be pretty cool.The green fire could be used as a stunning Halloween dec oration in a cauldron or possibly inside a jack-o-lantern. Keep the chemicals for this project out of reach of children or pets, since methanol is harmful if swallowed. Read and follow any safety precautions listed on the labels of the specific products you use. Disclaimer: Please be advised that the content provided by our website is for EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY. Fireworks and the chemicals contained within them are dangerous and should always be handled with care and used with common sense. By using this website you acknowledge that ThoughtCo., its parent About, Inc. (a/k/a Dotdash), and IAC/InterActive Corp. shall have no liability for any damages, injuries, or other legal matters caused by your use of fireworks or the knowledge or application of the information on this website. The providers of this content specifically do not condone using fireworks for disruptive, unsafe, illegal, or destructive purposes. You are responsible for following all applicable laws before using or applying the information provided on this website.

Agnes Macphail Biography

Agnes Macphail Biography About Agnes Macphail: Agnes Macphail was the first Canadian woman to be a member of parliament, and one of the first two women elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. Considered a feminist in her time, Agnes Macphail supported issues like prison reform, disarmament, international cooperation and old age pensions. Agnes Macphail also founded the Elizabeth Fry Society of Canada, a group working with and for women in the justice system. Birth: March 24, 1890 in Proton Township, Grey County, Ontario Death: February 13, 1954 in Toronto, Ontario Education: Teachers college - Stratford, Ontario Profession: Teacher and columnist Political Parties: Progressive PartyCo-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) Federal Ridings (Electoral Districts): Grey South EastGrey Bruce Provincial Riding (Electoral District): York East Political Career of Agnes Macphail: Agnes Macphail was elected to the House of Commons in 1921, in the first Canadian federal election in which women had the vote or could run for office. Agnes Macphail was the first woman to be elected to the House of Commons.Agnes Macphail was the first woman appointed as a member of a Canadian delegation to the League of Nations, where she was an active member of the World Disarmament Committee.Agnes Macphail became the first president of the Ontario CCF when it was established in 1932.Agnes Macphail was a major influence in the establishment of the Archambault Commission on prison reform in 1935.She was defeated in the 1940 general election.Agnes Macphail wrote a column on agriculture issues for the Globe and Mail.She was first elected to the Ontario Legislative Assembly in 1943, becoming one of the two first women to be elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario.She was defeated in the Ontario election in 1945.Agnes Macphail was re-elected to the Ontario Legislative Assembly i n 1948. Agnes Macphail contributed to the adoption of Ontarios first equal pay legislation in 1951.

A Review of the Main Temperature Sensors for Control System and Assignment

A Review of the Main Temperature Sensors for Control System and Summary of the Typical Sensors for Measurement of Rainfall - Assignment Example Thermocouples are widely used because they are reliable, simple to use, and have a relatively lower price compared to other sensors (Seaton & Leach, 2005). Thermocouples are self-powered, thus eliminating the use of a separate or an external power supply to the sensors. They are durable when they are chosen appropriately for a designed application. Ibrahim and Coupland confirm that the thermocouple sensors are used in applications that handle very high temperatures such as incinerators. A thermocouple is a temperature transducer, which operates on a principle that unlike conductive materials is capable of generating current when they are joined (Setback effect) (Jianwei Shen & Shen, 2009). Such devices are made by joining two wires that are made of alloys (different metals) joined at one end, and then generating a voltage of EAB when heated. Jikwang, Jonsung, and Younghwa (2009) emphasize that the produced voltage is proportional to the difference between the measured joint temperatures and the reference point, which is determined experimentally and it depends on the type of materials that are used. A temperature monitoring system when using a thermocouple includes connectors, thermocouple, isothermal block, extension wires, and a transmitter also known as a voltmeter.  This schematic (figure 6) is for type J iron (Fe) Constantin Cu-Ni thermocouple. Nieuwenhove and Vermeeren (2004) describe that when the thermocouple junction is cooled or heated, a digital voltmeter or potentiometer can be used to measure the resulting voltage.   

Biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 17

Biology - Essay Example There were no fossils available at this time to make comparisons or linkages. As a result what was available was visual and the comparison was made to gorillas and chimpanzees which included bonobos. Authors and researchers A. C. Wilson and V. M. Sarich wrote that quantitative comparisons made of serum albumins, transferrins, hemoglobins, and DNA show that man is more similar to African Apes than to old world monkeys. They argued that the inference made by some regarding monkeys to men is not correct. (Wilson, Sarich 1088) This argument is made well simply because the original argument made by Darwin as Dawkins points out was in favor of Apes and chimpanzees versus monkeys. Additional support for the theories originally postulated by Darwin abounds as a result of the use of DNA. Dawkins address’s the various fossils and skeletons found, Ape Man, Java man, Peking man and more and debunk the creationist approach in this regard. He does make it clear that he respects the creationists approach regarding the use of arguments that are not valid, though his disdain for them shines through in the surrounding texts. Though the argument against the missing links has valid points, the author Dr. Marvin Lubenow makes it clear that the fossil presentations can be called into question simply because they cannot be definitively shown to be human or of human ancestry. (Lubenow 10-17) Dawkins continues to place what is known and accepted ahead of these arguments however, and shows that some of the more lurid attempts to challenge the fossil records are not based in science but in popular belief. As we read through the next two chapters we are quickly made to see that some of the more normal arguments made against evolution truly are baseless. One argument for which Dawkins quotes a brilliant response is the argument that man could come from a single cell. The response is swift